to what extent did louis xvi’s execution contribute to the "terror" in france 1793
The life of Franz Peter Schubert
SCHUBERT (Schubert) Franz (full name of Franz Peter): January 31, 1797, Vienna - November 19, 1828, ibid, Austrian composer, the greatest representative of early romanticism.
Babyhood. Early works
Born in a family of school teachers. Exceptional musical ability Schubert appeared in early childhood. The age of seven he learned to play several instruments, singing, theoretical disciplines. In 1808-12 he sang in the imperial court chapel under the guidance of eminent Viennese composer and educator A. Salieri, who, drawing attention to the talent of the boy, he began to teach him the basics of composition. For seventeen years has been the author of Schubert piano pieces, vocal miniatures, string quartets, symphonies and operas "The Castle of the devil. Working banana instructor at the schoolhouse his father (1814-eighteen), Schubert continued to write extensively. For 1814-fifteen, includes numerous songs (including such masterpieces as "Margarita for the spinning bike" and "Forest King" in the words of JW Goethe, 2 nd and 3rd symphonies, three masses and four singspiel.
Career musician
At the aforementioned time each Schubert J. von Shpaun introduced him to the poet J. Mayrhofer and law students F. von Schober. These and other friends of Schubert - educated, endowed with fine musical and poetic taste of the new representatives of the Viennese middle class - met regularly at home evenings of music by Schubert, subsequently named "shubertiadami. Communicate with this friendly and receptive audition finally persuaded the young composer in his vocation, and in 1818, Schubert left his job at the schoolhouse. At the same time a immature composer became friendly with the famous Viennese singer IM Vogl (1768-1840), who became a zealous abet of his vocal works. During the 2nd half of 1810-ies. from the pen of Schubert left many new songs (including the popular "Vagabond", "Ganymede", "Trout"), piano sonatas, 4 thursday, 5 th and half-dozen th symphonies, overtures to the svelte style of Rossini , Piano Quintet "Trout", including variations on the same name of the vocal. His Singspiel "twins", written in 1820 for Vogl and raised in Vienna Kerntnertor-theater, did not have much success, but brought fame to Schubert. A major achievement was the melodrama "The Magic Harp", set up a few months afterward in the Theater an der Wien.
Fickleness of fortune
The years 1820-21 were for successful Schubert. He enjoyed the patronage of aristocratic families, tied a number of acquaintances among the influential people in Vienna. Friends of Schubert published past private subscription twenty of his songs. Before long, notwithstanding, in his life came less favorable catamenia. Opera "Alfonso and Estrella" libretto past Schober was rejected (he thought it his Schubert lucky), textile conditions deteriorated. Moreover, in the finish of 1822 Schubert became seriously ill (patently, he contracted syphilis). Notwithstanding, this complex and hard year was marked by the creation of outstanding works, including songs, pianoforte fantasy "Wanderer" (it's practically the only example of a Schubert piano virtuoso bravura-way), and full of romantic desolation of "Unfinished Symphony" (symphony equanimous two parts And they raised a third, the composer for an unknown reason left his job and more than to information technology did not come back).
Life cut short in the prime
Soon at that place were a song cycle "The beautiful miller" (20 songs to words by W. Mueller), Singspiel "Zagovorschitsy" and opera "Ferabras. In 1824, string quartets were written in A-moll, and D-moll (the second part - variations on a theme from an earlier song past Schubert "Death and the Maiden") and shestichasny Octet for winds and strings, modeled afterwards the very popular at that fourth dimension Septet Op. 20 L. van Beethoven, merely surpasses it in size and virtuoso brilliance. Apparently, in the summer of 1825 in Gmunden, near Vienna, Schubert sketched or partially composed his last symphony (the so-chosen "Great», C-dur). By this time, Schubert had already enjoyed in Vienna, a very high reputation. His concerts with Vogl were nerveless numerous public and publishers willing to publish his new songs, likewise as play and sonatas for pianoforte. Among the works of Schubert pianoforte sonatas 1825-26 allocated A-moll, D-dur, G-dur, the last String Quartet 1000-dur, and some songs, including "
Schubert was cached at Vienna Cemetery, at a pocket-size monument engraved with the inscription:
Death of a rich treasure buried here,
Just even more than beautiful hope.
Composer's
Vocal and choral genres. Song-romansovy genre in the interpretation of Schubert'southward is and then distinctive contribution to the music of the 19. That nosotros can speak about the origin of a particular grade, which is denoted past the German language word Lied. Songs by Schubert - and there are more 650 - offer many options for this grade, so that the classification is hardly possible. In principle, the Lied is of two kinds: strophic, in which all or well-nigh all the verses are sung to ane tune, "pass-through» (durchkomponiert), in which each line can have its own musical determination. Field Rose (Haidenrslein) - an instance of the outset type; Young Nun (Die junge Nonne) - second.
Two factors contributed to the flourishing Lied: ubiquitous piano and flowering of German language lyric poetry. Schubert has managed to exercise what his predecessors could not: writing for a certain poetic text, it is their music created a context, giving new meaning to the give-and-take. It could be zvukoizobrazitelny context - for example, the murmur of the water in the songs of Belle miller or buzzing wheels spinning in a spinning cycle, Gretchen, or emotional context - eg, chords, manual reverential mood in the evening, at sunset (Im Abendroth) or Double the terror in the midnight (Der Doppelgnger). Sometimes between the landscape and the mood of the verse form thanks to a special gift of Schubert sets a mysterious connection: for case, an simulated of a monotone hum of a barrel organ in the organ-grinder (Der Leiermann) miraculously passes and the severity of the winter landscape, and the despair of a homeless wanderer.
German poesy, experienced at that time flourishing, has become an invaluable source for Schubert'due south inspiration. Wrong those who have questioned the literary sense of taste of the composer, on the grounds that, amongst the more than half dozen hundred dubbed his poetic texts is very weak poems - for example, who would be remembered poetic lines romances trout or the music (An die Musik), if not Schubert's genius? Still, the composer's greatest masterpieces are created on the texts of his favorite poets, giants of High german literature - Goethe, Schiller, Heine. For the songs of Schubert - whoever was the writer of words - is characterized past a directly touch on the listener: thank you to the genius of the composer's listeners do not immediately become an observer, equally an accomplice.
Schubert'south polyphonic song compositions somewhat less expressive than romances. Vocal ensembles include beautiful pages, but none of them, except, perhaps, pyatigolosnogo No, the only one who knew (Nur wer die Sehnsucht kennt, 1819), does non capture the listener as the songs. Unfinished spiritual opera The Raising of Lazarus (Lazarus) is more than a list of speakers, music hither is excellent, but the score contains some of the methods of anticipating Wagner. (In our fourth dimension, opera The Raising of Lazarus was over the Russian composer Edison Denisov and successfully performed in several countries.)
Schubert composed 6 masses. They also have a very bright parts, only in Schubert, this genre does not rising to those peaks of perfection that had been achieved in the Masses of Bach, Beethoven, Bruckner and later on. Merely in the concluding Mass (in E flat major) Schubert'due south musical genius overcomes his detached attitude to the Latin text.
Orchestral music. In his youth Schubert led the pupil orchestra and conducted them. And so he mastered the skill of instrumentation, simply life is rarely gave him reasons to write for the orchestra, and afterwards half dozen youth symphonies created a symphony in B modest (Unfinished) and Symphony in C (1828). In a series of early on symphonies, the most interesting 5th (B minor), but but of Schubert's Unfinished introduces u.s. to a new earth, far from the classic styles of the predecessors of the composer. Like them, the development of themes and textures in Unfinished enforced intellectual brilliance, simply on the strength of the emotional impact of Schubert'south Unfinished close songs. In the imperial C-major symphony such as speakers even brighter.
Music to Rosamund contains two intermission (B pocket-size and B major) and the lovely ballet scenes. Serious in tone, only the first interruption, but all the music to Rosamund - purely on the freshness of Schubert'southward harmonic and melodic language.
Among the orchestral works of distinguished overture. In two of them (in C major and D major), written in 1817, was influenced by Rossini, and their subheadings (data not Schubert) stated: "Italian style". Involvement are the iii opera overtures: Alfonso and Estrella, Rosamund (originally intended for the early works of Magic Harp - Die Zauberharfe) and Ferrabras - the most perfect instance of this form in Schubert.
Chamber and instrumental genres. Chamber works to the greatest extent reveal the inner world of the composer, in addition, they clearly reverberate the spirit of his beloved Vienna. Tenderness and poesy of nature imprinted in the masterpieces of Schubert, which are called "seven stars" of his bedroom heritage.
Trout Quintet - a herald of a new, romantic attitude in a chamber-instrumental genre, charming melodies and cheerful rhythms brought composing more pop. 5 years later came the two string quartets: Quartet in A minor (Op. 29), perceived by many as a confession of the composer, and the quartet girl and death, where tune and verse combined with a deep tragedy. The last of Schubert's Quartet in Thou major, is a distillation of the composer's skill and the extent and complexity of the loop forms represent a bulwark to the popularity of this product, just the latter quartet, likewise as Symphony in C - the absolute top of Schubert'due south works. Lyrical-dramatic nature of the early quartets and quintets is characteristic in C (1828), merely it can not lucifer the perfection of the Quartet in G major.
Octet is a romantic interpretation of the genre of classical suite. Use additional woodwind composer gives rising to the works of moving melodies, creating colorful modulations, which is embodied Gemtlichkeit - adept-natured and cozy charm of the old Vienna. Both Schubert trio - op. 99, B-flat Major and Op. 100, E-flat major - have both strengths and weaknesses: structural organization and the beauty of music of the get-go two parts of the cuts, while the finals of both cycles seem too lightweight.
Piano works. Schubert composed many pieces for piano iv hands. Many of them (marches, the polonaise, the overture) - charming music for home use. But at that place are amid this part of the legacy of the composer and the more serious works. These are the Grand Duo Sonata, with its symphonic scope (though as already mentioned, there is no indication that the cycle was originally conceived as a symphony), variations in A flat major, with their characteristic quality of acute and Fantasy in F minor, Op. 103 - showtime-course and widely recognized essay.
About two dozen of Schubert'south piano sonatas in its importance is second only to Beethoven. Half a dozen youthful sonatas of interest mainly to fans of art Schubert, the residuum are known throughout the world. Sonata in A minor, D major and K major (1825-1826) clearly demonstrate comprehension of the principle of the sonata composer: song and trip the light fantastic toe forms are combined hither with the classical methods of topics. In the three sonatas that appeared presently before the composer'southward decease, song and dance elements appear in cleaned, an elevated course; emotional world of these writings are richer than in the previous opus. Last Sonata in B flat major - the effect of work over thematism Schubert sonata bicycle, and class.
Schubert waltzes
In the work of Schubert'southward path to romantic thumbnails of recent years largely came from the trip the light fantastic toe, which the composer gradually gave more and more poetic inspiration. For Fortep ¬ but Schubert wrote many small-scale pieces in the form of dance. Hither and minuets, and ecossaise, and the halo ¬ ŋë. Just, as a resident of Vienna, Schubert gave special attention to waltz, which in his time, became very pop trip the light fantastic toe. Its roots - in the village of German-Austrian dances trehdol ¬ tion size. Being urban dance, flit expression ¬ pressed the "new order of feeling" (Asafev) wide ¬ FIR democratic circles. In Vienna, with its long tradition of abode entertainment, music waltz sounded everywhere - in parks, restaurants, cafes. Waltz took a ascendant position in re ¬ repertua special orchestras trip the light fantastic music. Amid the leaders of orchestras - the banner ¬ Tide subsequently Josef Lanner and Johann Strauss male parent. In 20-ies of their execution repeatedly case ¬ creases Schubert. Merely this time he already is the writer of numerous piano waltzes.
Penetration of the waltz in the piano literature was in itself an indicator of the democratization of music by Schubert. This dance is popular masses was literally brought to Vienna ensembles dere ¬ Viennese musicians playing on street corners, in suburban pubs, restaurants, trip the light fantastic toe halls, etc. Yous ¬ thronged the courtroom minuet, dominated ¬ shy in the music of XVIII century, Flit established in the "scientists" archetype Jean ¬ Rah, marking it "enriched rhythmic perception of socioeconomic ¬" 'a new generation.
Schubert Waltzes - tiny little pieces, creating ¬ shiesya whole series, sometimes in the class improviza ¬ tion. Nigh often, they have "applied" value: under their music at parties dancing friends Shu ¬ Bertha. But, every bit said about Schubert Schumann - "all that sent his gaze, which concerns his hand, turns into music." This undemanding Miniatürk sometimes characterized past great poesy ¬ matic charm that makes them works of independent artistic value. Information technology anticipates in the works of Schubert is another feature of the XIX century piano genre - a lyrical flit, later developed past Chopin, Brahms, Tchaikovsky and other composers.
Schubert waltzes (about 250) - is the original chamber miniatures. Many of them were built-in in "shubertiadah, some appeared during the years ¬ they travel to Upper Republic of austria, non ¬ accept been specially composed for the carnival ball, to suburban pro ¬ loudly, etc. Sometimes in the name of the band waltzes stored memories of events that led them to life (eg, Gratsovskie waltzes, Atsenbrukskie waltzes). Tra ¬ urny waltz, written back in 1816, immediately became a nation-broad, with ¬ nadlezhnost his Schubert was non even known, until then it will not announced ¬ Xia in print.
In a waltz by Schubert no more no more ¬ nomic Development, or generalization, which has distinguished "Valse-fantasy" past Glinka. They still have a lot of life. And yet, despite their apparent origin from a ¬ tovogo dance, they are immeasurably uplifting ¬ Xia over the self-dance music. Like Schubert'due south song, his forte ¬ pianny Flit is a poem - so much in him the mood and lyricism, so not ¬ repeatable and charming tune, so much of thin paints to maintain. Unlike distributed in the same years Lanner Waltzes (Schubert which he listened with undisguised pleasance in restaurants) and Strauss's male parent, in Schubert'southward piano waltz no languidly ¬ STI, or salons. On the contrary, they are a lot of cheerfulness and ease of de ¬ revenskogo waltz.
Waltz noticeably influenced the way of sonata-symphonic works of Schubert. In some cases, a flit by Schubert pro ¬ nick in sonata-symphony cycle in the class of a finished piece, miniature, "ma ¬ skiruyas" (under the traditional minuet or scherzo. Such, for example, a trio of eighth-my symphony or trio. Sol Majeure ¬ thursday quartet. More than often, however, the prevailing stylistic features of a waltz - a polish three ¬ dolnost, accent on the last fraction, ha ¬ acteristic phrasing that suggests an association with valsovoy plastic, sometimes the texture piano accompaniment - was adamant exponent ¬ HYDRATED advent of individual sonata gild.
Have survived hundreds of waltzes by Schubert, merely probably many more have been lost or were not written by the author. Along with the charming lyrical waltzes, Schubert creates waltzes, full of energy and pure folk spirits, sharply rhythmic, sometimes even deliberately rude. This was conspicuously link with the village progenitors of the waltz. The proper noun "Waltz" is as well not yet been finally established past Schubert: vstre ¬ chayutsya another name "Ländler" and "German ta ¬ nets", which substantially mean the same thing.
Sonata in A minor. Allegretto.
In this sonata, written in March 1817, but three parts, and they themselves are pocket-size. Such breviloquent remarks on ¬ starts to prevail in the sonatas and some of Dru ¬ gih works of the composer'due south period 1817-1823
years.
Music Sonata in A small is awarded drama, most fully expressed in the kickoff office, and buttocks ¬ shevnoy lyrics, bears sometimes very gentle and poetic nature.
The get-go department (Allegro ma non troppo, in A minor) immediately attracts the attention of the brightest songs ¬ HYDRATED prototype, somewhat reminiscent of the Italian Barcarolle (typical size is 6 / 8, the presentation of parallel chords, smoothen top IU ¬ lodicheskogo votes)
Nevertheless, Schubert from the very beginning dramatize the theme of vocal, deprives her of peace and moderation inherent in the Italian Barcarolle. Talema ¬ ing the first sound of minor chords, and later on-blowing dynamic contrasts and energetic at rastaniya ¬ - all this music tells the dramatic tension. Without giving audio "song" to con ¬ ca, Schubert begins to develop in a purely tool ¬ tal manner. Original song phrase is broken down into dissever short motifs, which mnogokrat ¬ but repeating, gradually moving into a higher register. At the same fourth dimension the sound continues to grow and, thus, already in the initial partition ¬ le (in the principal party) is achieved past bright dra ¬ matizmu climax. But and so the tension rapidly dissipates, comes condolement, preparing ¬ schee appearance of incidental themes.
Now the listener similar transferred to SAUVEUR ¬ shenno another world experiences. This romantic dreams, dreams of light with a slight tinge of sadness. Very simple, modest in range melody presented in a medium votes; her second short motifs-cries in the upper phonation. Od ¬ diversity of rhythm, the bass is stationary, which is a repetition of a sound phase. All combine to requite your music contemplation, the mood of detachment from everyday struggle
Simply here, as the echoes of by disturbances, pro ¬ appearing constantly in the previous department, rhythmically sharp, absolute phrases. Only at the end of exposure accomplished consummate relief.
Development begins quietly, secretly. But suddenly the silence is broken: audio sharp focus ¬ grated descending motifs (a new version of OD ¬ tion of the motives of a side topic). Total dynamic ¬ skoe conveys the strong growth vzvol ¬ commitments. For some time, the dramatic tension decreases, and a friend a cursory mo ¬ Tiwa grows smooth, melodious tune, just then a new wave of growth leads to the climax of the entire section (number of repeated chords and Pathet ¬ acteristic passage of falling to the note To the small octave).
After a suspension, there is an expressive main theme song, begins a reprise. But the drama of the previous section afflicted the nature of the reprise, which starts at a higher level of di ¬ namic (ff instead of f) and not in the main tone, and in D minor (the so-called databases ¬ minantovaya reprise). Only gradually Schubert sets characteristic of classical reprise main tone. The full general course of musical development in the reprise of the same every bit in the exposition. At the very end once again the main theme (already in the primary fundamental A minor), and thus finally secured a ruling drama ¬ matic character of the entire part.
In the 2d part (Allegretto quasi Andantino, E major) played a leading function developing variation ¬ profitable developing a very elementary theme of the national stock. The features of popular domestic music-making zape ¬ chatleny here and in the nature of the piano is set out ¬ lines: The vocal tune, set up out in octaves PRA ¬ howl hands, accompanied past the accessory of guitars ¬ tion type. In Vienna at that time widely distributed ¬ nenie domestic music-making has as well led to the popularity of singing with a guitar. There is evidence that Schubert himself played guitar. In the second function of the Thomson ¬ you're in A minor Schubert demonstrated inherent desire not to obscure, rather, to emphasize specific details of people'due south everyday music.
Since the main folk-vocal theme of the 2nd role of the sonata combines episodes of more subtle, intimate character. So intertwined in her personal ¬ tion and the general, individual and national, that voob ¬ sche indicative for creativity Schubert,
At the first of the finale (Allegro vivace, in A modest - A Major), a rapid run of the first sentence immediately assorted with a more polish, as if constraining ¬ residing movement. In this second sentence contains lyrical traits, later developed in Pobochy ¬ Noah topic:
Throughout finals d
Sonata in A minor, largely determines the ways in which to further develop creative Schubert sonata. Just creating information technology, the composer was still in the stage of research and experiment. The form, expressing his thoughts and feelings, manifestly, all the same not fully satisfy him.
The value of music by Schubert.
Works by Schubert associated with folk fine art Austria, home music in Vienna, although information technology is rarely used in the writings of the genuine folk-song theme. Of bang-up importance in his music have a color, colorful, accomplished through the orchestration, harmony side enrichment triads, convergence of major and pocket-sized scales, widespread use of deviations and modulation, using variations of evolution.
Prior kontsa19 in. significant part of the vast heritage of Schubert remained unpublished and fifty-fifty unfulfilled. Thus, the manuscript of "Great" symphony was detected only in Schoeman 1839 (the first time this symphony was heard in the same yr in Leipzig under the management of F. Mendelssohn). The first operation of String Quintet was held in 1850, and the first functioning of "Unfinished Symphony" - in 1865. Catalog of works by Schubert, compiled by Deutsche OE (1951), includes about k items, including 6 of masses, 8 symphonies, about 160 song ensembles, over 20 completed and unfinished piano sonatas, and more than than 600 songs for voice and piano.
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